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Addressing IoT and OT Threats to the Enterprise: A New Frontier in Cybersecurity

As enterprises increasingly embrace digital transformation, the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) and Operational Technology (OT) systems into corporate networks brings new efficiencies—and unprecedented cybersecurity challenges.

While these technologies offer powerful capabilities, they also expose organisations to a wider and more complex threat landscape. Protecting these environments is no longer optional; it’s imperative for business continuity, data integrity, and operational safety.

The growing risk landscape

IoT refers to the vast network of connected devices that collect and exchange data, from smart sensors in offices to networked HVAC systems. OT, on the other hand, includes systems that manage industrial operations—like manufacturing equipment, power grids, and water treatment facilities. Traditionally, OT was isolated from IT networks, making it less vulnerable to cyber threats. But with the convergence of IT and OT systems, the attack surface has dramatically expanded.

Cybercriminals have taken note. According to a 2024 report by Cybersecurity Ventures, attacks on IoT and OT devices are expected to double by 2026, with ransomware and data exfiltration being the most common threats. Notably, the infamous Colonial Pipeline ransomware attack in 2021 illustrated how vulnerable OT systems can disrupt critical infrastructure and ripple across the economy.

Why IoT and OT are high-risk targets

IoT and OT systems often lack basic security features found in traditional IT infrastructure. Many devices are built for longevity rather than security, meaning they run outdated firmware, use default credentials, and lack patching mechanisms. Furthermore, OT systems prioritise uptime and reliability over rapid software updates, making them slow to adapt to evolving threats.

Common vulnerabilities include:

  • Weak authentication protocols
  • Insecure communication channels
  • Unmonitored third-party access
  • Lack of segmentation between IT and OT networks

The consequences of exploiting these weaknesses can be severe ranging from data theft to physical damage or operational shutdown.

Key strategies for mitigating IoT and OT threats

Addressing these vulnerabilities requires a comprehensive and proactive security strategy. Here are some critical steps enterprises should take:

1. Asset discovery and visibility

Before you can protect your IoT and OT devices, you must know what you have. Implement continuous asset discovery tools that can automatically identify and categorize all connected devices across the enterprise. This includes understanding device behaviour and communication patterns to detect anomalies.

2. Network segmentation

Properly segmenting IT, IoT, and OT networks is essential. A flat network architecture makes it easier for attackers to move laterally once they gain access. Use firewalls, VLANs, and micro segmentation to isolate critical systems and restrict communication paths.


3. Zero Trust architecture

As the UK NHS shifts focus to prioritise preventative care, AI will play an increasingly important role in the interpretation of data, whether from consumer wearables, wearable treatment devices or other IoT connected devices which offer insights into a patient’s health or lifestyle metrics.

Adopting a Zero Trust model—where no device or user is automatically trusted—helps limit the damage of a breach. This includes enforcing strong identity and access management (IAM), multi-factor authentication (MFA), and least-privilege access principles for both users and devices.

4. Patch management and device hardening

Ensure that all IoT and OT devices are regularly updated with the latest firmware and security patches. When updates aren’t feasible due to hardware limitations, implement compensating controls like firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDS), and virtual patching.

5. Behavioural monitoring and anomaly detection

Use AI and machine learning tools to monitor baseline device behaviour and flag any deviations. This proactive detection allows security teams to identify early signs of compromise, especially in environments where traditional endpoint protection may not be applicable.

6. Supply chain security

Vulnerabilities can also enter your environment through compromised third-party vendors or insecure firmware updates. Vet your suppliers rigorously, monitor third-party access, and demand transparency around security practices.

7. Incident response planning

Even the best defences can be breached. Develop and routinely test a comprehensive incident response plan that includes IoT and OT systems. Clearly define roles, responsibilities, and communication channels to ensure rapid containment and recovery.

Regulatory compliance and frameworks

Various industries now face regulatory mandates related to IoT and OT security. Frameworks such as the NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF), IEC 62443 (specific to OT), and ISO/IEC 27001 provide robust guidelines. Following these not only ensures compliance but also strengthens overall security posture.

Looking ahead: Security by design

The future of secure IoT and OT lies in building systems with security integrated from the ground up. Manufacturers must adopt “security by design” principles—embedding encryption, authentication, and updatable software into devices before they reach the enterprise. Meanwhile, organisations should prioritise security in their procurement criteria and conduct regular risk assessments.

IoT and OT technologies are reshaping the modern enterprise, driving innovation across sectors. But their integration also demands a new approach to cybersecurity—one that addresses the unique challenges of these systems. By taking a layered, proactive, and collaborative approach, organisations can defend against these evolving threats while continuing to harness the full potential of connected technologies.

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